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Chief: John Roberts. Associate justice Samuel Alito. Chief justice John Roberts. Associate justice Clarence Thomas. Associate justice Stephen Breyer. Associate justice Elena Kagan. Associate justice Sonia Sotomayor. Associate justice Neil Gorsuch. Associate justice Brett Kavanaugh. Associate justice Amy Coney Barrett.
The judicial Power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;--to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;--to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;--to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;--to Controversies between two or more States;-- between a State and Citizens of another State ,--between Citizens of different States,--between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.
He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. So help me God. District of Columbia Circuit.
Chief Justice John G. First Circuit. Second Circuit. Third Circuit. Fourth Circuit. Fifth Circuit. Sixth Circuit. Seventh Circuit. Eighth Circuit. Ninth Circuit. Tenth Circuit. Eleventh Circuit. Justice Clarence Thomas. Federal Circuit. The Federal Circuit's jurisdiction is determined by the subject of the lawsuit, not geographical location. See also: Supreme Court cases, October term See also: Major cases of the Supreme Court October term.
See also: Major cases of the October term Heien v. North Carolina Holt v. Hobbs Integrity Staffing Solutions v. Busk Zivotofsky v. Kerry Yates v. Alabama, et al. Elonis v. United States Young v. United Parcel Service Reed v.
Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission King v. Burwell Obergefell v. Hodges Glossip v. See also: Major cases of the October term Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. Burwell McCullen v. Coakley National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning Riley v. California; U.
Wurie American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Aereo, Inc. Abramski v. United States Bond v. Galloway Schuette v. Federal Election Commission. See also: Major cases of the October term United States v. Windsor Hollingsworth v. Current Members. John G. Roberts, Jr. He received an A. He served as a law clerk for Judge Henry J. Department of Justice from — From — and —, he practiced law in Washington, D. President George W. He attended Conception Seminary from and received an A.
He was admitted to law practice in Missouri in , and served as an Assistant Attorney General of Missouri, ; an attorney with the Monsanto Company, ; and Legislative Assistant to Senator John Danforth, Department of Education, and as Chairman of the U. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Stephen G.
Senate Judiciary Committee, —, and as Chief Counsel of the committee, — Samuel A. Alito, Jr. He served as a law clerk for Leonard I. He was Assistant U. Department of Justice, —, and U.
Attorney, District of New Jersey, — Bush nominated him as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, and he took his seat January 31, She earned a B. In , she earned a J.
In , President George H. In , an influx of settlers in California gave them an excuse to add a 10th circuit court and therefore a 10th Supreme Court justice. After the Civil War ended, however, Congress once again changed the judicial system. Johnson had also recently vetoed the Civil Rights Act of , which would have placed a check on those states by granting citizenship and full protection under the law to all people born in the U.
But in , the Republicans were back in control when Ulysses S. Grant assumed the presidency. They passed a new judiciary act that set the number of justices back to nine and required six justices present to form a quorum on decisions. Subsequent laws reduced the burden of circuit riding on the justices and, in , ended the practice completely, severing the direct tie between the circuit courts and the number of Supreme Court justices.
Since then, the Supreme Court has remained stable with nine justices serving on the bench. Most famously, in the late s, Franklin D. In February , he floated the idea of increasing the membership of the Supreme Court to 15 justices. The longstanding political tradition of reshaping the court has not died. This shift started in with the death of conservative justice Antonin Scalia. Liberals fear that a conservative court will reverse several landmark decisions, including Roe v.
Hodges , which recognizes same-sex marriage. In , Democratic presidential candidate Pete Buttigieg, then mayor of South Bend, Indiana, advocated for expanding the Supreme Court back to 15 justices with an aim to depoliticize it. According to his plan , five justices would be affiliated with Democrats, five with Republicans, and five would be apolitical and chosen by their colleagues. Some prominent Democrats— including Massachusetts Senator Ed Markey —have stated that they would seek to expand or reform the Supreme Court if Ginsburg is replaced with a Trump nominee.
Democrats have offered several proposals for reshaping the Supreme Court. Still others suggest imposing term limits on justices, arguing that more frequent turnover will reduce the intensity of the battles over each Supreme Court vacancy.
But the fate of these proposals remains unclear. Not only do they rely on Democrats winning majorities in Congress and retaking the White House in the elections this November, but as Roosevelt learned in the s, sweeping changes to the court system require public support.
In , a Marquette University Law School national survey found that 57 percent of Americans oppose increasing the number of justices on the court—although 72 percent are in favor of imposing term limits.
All rights reserved. Constitutional foundations When the Founding Fathers set out to establish the U. Share Tweet Email. Read This Next Wild parakeets have taken a liking to London. Animals Wild Cities Wild parakeets have taken a liking to London Love them or hate them, there's no denying their growing numbers have added an explosion of color to the city's streets.
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